The role of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in cancer biology

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have sparked considerable interest in cancer research due to their ability to influence various stages of tumor development, from initiation to metastasis. A particularly intriguing aspect of MSC behavior is their communication with cancer cells via exosomemediated signaling. These small, extracellular vesicles released by MSCs carry a rich cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can drastically alter the behavior of nearby and even distant cancer cells. This review explores the multifaceted role of MSC-derived exosomes in cancer biology. It examines their formation, molecular components, and modes of communication with cancer cells. We discuss their regulatory impact on tumor behavior, ranging from angiogenesis and migration to invasion, apoptosis, and cell proliferation, emphasizing the molecular pathways that mediate these interactions. In addition, we consider their therapeutic promise, especially their potential to serve as immunomodulatory agents and targeted drug delivery platforms in oncology.

Cite this article as: Demirezen A. The role of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in cancer biology. D J Med Sci 2025;11(2):101-114. doi: 10.5606/fng.btd.2025.186.